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高中英语第二轮复习《语法专题-冠词和数词》

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《语法专题-冠词和数词》
冠词考点及复习要点
冠词虽然只有三个,却因其在英语语言中使用极频繁、用法极灵
活,命题者常拿其大作文章。冠词是历年来的考查重点,着重考查以下几个方面:
1.不定冠词的用法比较;
2.定冠词的习惯用法;
3.零冠词的用法;
4.在习惯用语中冠词的用法;
一、不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any.
A square has four sides.
2.泛指某人或某事物。
A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
3. 表示一个,相当于one.
I have a mouth,a nose and two eyes.
4. 表示“每一”。
Take this medicine three times a day.
5.表示“同一”,相当于the same.
The two boys are of an age.
6.用在某些抽象名词前,表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一
阵...”等。
They were caught in a heavy rain.
7.用于专有名词之前表示某一个。
A Mr.Li is asking to see you at the schllo gate.
8.用于某些固定词组中。
s few,a lot of,a bit,have a rest,take a bus,have a good
time,live a happy life
注意:不定冠词的几种特殊用法。
①专有名词前用不定冠词,表示“像....的一个人或物”。如:a
Liu Xiang.
②姓名前用不定冠词,表示“某个叫...的人”,多指不认识的人
。如:a Miss Smith.
③用于某些物质名词前,表示“一种、一份、一阵”等。如:a
tea and a coffee.
④用于某些抽象名词前,使抽象概念具体化。这种用法的名词有a
surprise/knowledge/success/failure/pleasure/interest/joy等等。
二、定冠词的用法(下面几句顺口溜可以帮助记忆,特指双熟悉
,上文已提及;世上独无二,序数最高级;普转专有名,习语及乐器。)
1.特指双方都明白的人或物。
Take the medicine.  把药吃了。
2.上文提到过的人或事。
He bought a house.I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3.指世上独一无二的事物:
the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth
4.与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar美元;与形容
词或分次连用,表示一类人;the rich 富人;the living 生者
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same 等前面

Where do you live?I live on the second floor.
你住在哪?我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.
那正是我要找的东西。
6.与复数名词连用,指整个群体;
They are the teacher of this school.(指全体教师)
There are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)
7.表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
She hold me by the arm.
8.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶段、等专
有名词前:
the People's Republic of China   中华人民共和国
the United Ststes 美国
9.用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前:
She plays the piano  她会弹钢琴。
10.用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇)
11.用在表示“度量横”之类的名词前:
Apples are sold by the pound.
但要注意在time,weight 等名词前不加the.
12.用在惯用语中:
in the day,in the morning(afternoon,evening);in the day
after tomorrow;the next morning;in the sky (water,field,country);in the dark;in the rain;in the distance; in the middle (of);in the end; on the whole; by the way; go to the theatre
三、零冠词的用法
1)国名,人名前通常不用定冠词;England, Mary;
2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
They are teachers.他们是教师。
3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母
4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思
时,需要加定冠词:
Man can't live without water.
人离开水就没法生存。
5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不
加冠词:
We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期
五都上课。
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词:
The guards took the American to Genral Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7)在三餐饭、球类运动和娱乐于东的名词前,不加冠词  如:
have breakfast.play chess
但如果三餐饭的名词前有形容词修饰,则需要加冠词。
如:have a big breakfast
8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
I can't write without pen or pencil.
没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词
;by bus,by train.
四、有定冠词与无定冠词的区别
be in charge of 负责
be in the charge of 由...负责;在...掌管之下
It is out of question. 那是毫无疑问的
It id out of the question.那是根本不可能的。
three of us 我们中的三个人
the three of us 我们三个人
take place 发生
take the place of 代替
五、冠词的位置
冠词一般放在名词之前,名词之前若有形容词,冠词要放在形容
词之前。但下列情况例外:
1.冠词放在quite,many,such,what 等词之后。
quite an interesting story
2.so/as/too/how+形容词+a/an +单数名词
It's too diffcult a problem.
3.rather 可位于冠词前或后。
a rather cold day=rather a cold day
4.half 可位于冠词之前,也可位于冠词之后。
half an hour=a half hour
5.all,both 放在the之前
all the books
过关落实
1.-Could you tell me the way to (B)Johnson's,please?
-Sorry,we don't have ( ) Johnson here in the village.
A the; the   B the;a   C 不填;the   D  the 不填
解析:the Johnsons'指Johnson一家的孩子,诊所等;第二空填
a 为泛指,“一个叫Johnson的人”。
答案:B
2.I want to catch ( D)early train,but couldn't get ( )
ride to the station.
A an;the   B /;the    C an;/   D the,get
解析:the early train,早班车;get a ride to...,搭车去(
某地)
答案:D
3.( C)walk is expected to last all day,so bring ( )packed
lunch.

A A;a   B The;不填   C The;a    D A;不填
解析:the walk 指大家都知道的活动;a packed lunch ,指(外
带)一顿午餐
答案:C
4.I like (C )color of your skirt.It is ( )good match for
your blouse.
A a;the    B a;a   C the;a   D the;the
解析:the color of your skirt,特指你的衬衫的颜色;a good
match for 表示和...很搭配
答案:C
5.For him(B )stage is just ( )means of making a living.
A a;a   B the ;a    C the;the  D a;the
解析:the stage 意为“舞台”,而固定搭配a means of 则为“
...的方式:(此处means单复数同形)
答案:B
6.According to(C) review of 44 studies,American
reaearcher found that men and women who ate six key foods daily cut the risk of( )heart disease by 76%.
A a,the   B the;a   C a ;/  D /;a
解析:由句意”根据由44人组成的调查中...“可知,此处review 
 表泛指;另外疾病钱不加冠词。
答案:C
7.Everywhere man has cut down(C )forests in order to grow
crops,or to use( )woods as fuel or as building material.
解析:复数名词forests 表泛指;下句中的wood是forests 中的
,故为特指。
答案:C
8.-I knocked over my coffee cup.It went right over ( )
keyboard.
-You shouldn't put drinks near ( )computer.
A the;不填   B the;a   C a;不填   D a;a
解析:表特指要加定冠词;不定冠词可放在单数名词前,泛指一
类人或物。
答案:B
9.This book tells( C)life story of John Smith,who left (
)school and worked for a newpaper at the age of 16.
A the,the  B a;the   C the;不填  D a;不填
解析:life 后又几次短语作定语特指,故前加the;leave school
意为“辍学”.
答案:C
10.The party lat night was ( )great succcess.We sang and
danced until it came to ( )end at 12:00.
A a;an   B a;the   C the;an   D /;the
解析:success 指“成功的人(事)”时为可数名词,前可加不定
冠词;come to an end 表示“结束”。
答案:A
数词考点及复习要点
虽然数词并不是近几年的考查重点,但我们在复习时还是需要搞
清楚一下几个概念:
1.数词的基本用法及比较
2.倍数词的表达习惯
3.在习惯用于中数词的用法
数词的基本用法
It is not rare in(D)that people in ( )fifties are going
to university for futher education.
A 90s,the    B  the 90s,/  C 90s;their  D the 90s,their
表示“几十岁”;用in one's +数词复数,如:
He began to work in his teens.
表示“年代”,用in+the +数词复数
(C )of the land in that district ( )conered with tress
and grass.
A Two fifth,is   B Two fifth,are   C Two fifths,is   D
Two fifths,are
分数和百分数作主语时,关键是看其后的名词来决定其谓语动词
的数。该题中的是不可数名词,所以动词需用单数。
Americans eat(D) vegetables per person taday as they did
in 1910
A more than twice    B as twcie as many   C twice as many
as   D more than twice as many
倍数表示法:
主+谓+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.(+n.)+as
I have three times as many as you.
其他用来表示倍数的方法:
1.主+谓+倍数(或分数)+the size(weight,lenght...)of...
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
地球是月球的49倍。
2.主+谓+倍数(或分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than...
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that
of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
3.主+谓+junior(senior)+to
He is five years senior to his younger brother.

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